A One-Handed Format: Duanju at Home
Chinese short drama’s history begins with a format rather than a corporation. The Chinese word duanju, which “short drama” translates word for word, names vertical shows shot at 9:16 for a phone held in one hand. A single title typically runs to 20 to 100 episodes, with each episode lasting between one and two minutes. The stories build on a trusty stock of premises: billionaire and CEO romance, revenge plots, family feuds and identity reveals. A whole episode has to land before the viewer’s thumb moves on, so it matters that each of those premises can be absorbed in seconds. How can you sell a story in chunks small enough to price one at a reelshorts time? Conventional television rarely had to ask that question, but viewed as a business, the format answers it. Under other labels, including microdrama, vertical drama and mobile drama, English-speaking audiences now meet the same product. Every stage of the timeline ahead is linked by that pay-per-piece logic.
2020: The NRTA Makes the Genre Official
Administrative rather than commercial: that is the nature of the earliest milestone. Back in 2020, the Chinese regulator, the NRTA, formally acknowledged duanju as a genre. This move carries more weight than it might look: recognition converts a loose category of online clips into something that can be classified, counted and overseen. A named genre can be tracked from one year to the next, which is what enables later data about the sector to be compared at all. Regulatory attention can cut both ways for a new industry, and none of this guaranteed commercial success. Short drama was shifted from the margins of online video toward the status of an industry with its own data. Four years later, the data showed a sector large enough to be compared against the country’s cinemas.
2024: The Year Short Drama Out-Earned the Box Office
For the clearest measure of how far the format had come, turn to the home-market figures for 2024. In China, short drama takings came to 50.5 billion yuan, or about $7 billion, according to data published in mid-2025. That was the first year the sector brought in more than China’s box office, a symbolic crossover for an industry founded on one- and two-minute episodes. Estimates placed the viewership that year at 662 million viewers. Studios put out more than 30,000 titles over the same twelve months. That output is as revealing about the industry’s makeup as the revenue is: a business putting out tens of thousands of titles a year is testing concepts at scale. It also implies fierce competition, since every one of those titles is competing for the same few minutes of a viewer’s day. The push overseas, however, had not waited for this milestone, and by 2024 several Chinese-linked companies were already selling the same model abroad.
Moving Abroad: The Chinese-Linked Apps Behind the Export Wave
ReelShort was first out of the gate, going live in August 2022. Its operator is Crazy Maple Studio of Sunnyvale, California, a studio supported by China-based COL Group. DramaBox followed in April 2023; it is built by Beijing Dianzhong Technology and owned by that company’s Singapore subsidiary, StoryMatrix. GoodShort arrived in June 2023 under Singapore New Reading Technology, which is reportedly linked to Beijing New Reading Times, though that parent link rests on a less solid source. Jiuzhou Culture introduced ShortTV for the United States, Canada and Australia, alongside 99TV for Southeast Asia, and the evidence suggests ShortMax is the same app under a different name, though no rename has been officially announced. In September 2024, Kunlun Tech came in with DramaWave, which it published through its Skywork AI business, and according to Sensor Tower its FreeReels app topped global downloads in the first quarter of 2026. The repeating pattern is a Western-facing entity in California, Singapore or Hong Kong fronting for a business whose capital or parentage leads back to China. Most of that corporate map is invisible to people who watch dramas online in English: what they see is a vertical streaming service with a free opening and a paywall.
| Company | Service | Chinese tie | Launched |
|---|---|---|---|
| Crazy Maple Studio (Sunnyvale, California) | ReelShort | Backing from China-based COL Group | August 2022 |
| StoryMatrix Pte. Ltd. (Singapore) | DramaBox | Subsidiary of Beijing Dianzhong Technology | April 2023 |
| Singapore New Reading Technology Pte. Ltd. | GoodShort | Reportedly part of Beijing New Reading Times | June 2023 |
| SHORTTV LIMITED (Hong Kong) | ShortTV / ShortMax | Jiuzhou Culture; the two names appear to be a single app | September 2023 |
| SKYWORK AI PTE LTD | DramaWave | Belongs to Kunlun Tech’s Skywork AI business | September 2024 |
| Kunlun Tech | FreeReels | App owned by Kunlun Tech | Unconfirmed; highest global downloads in Q1 2026 |
| Holywater (founded in Kyiv, 2020) | My Drama | None at all; Fox Entertainment stake since October 2025 | Spring 2024 |
Dubbed Imports Against Western Originals
The strategic question, after the apps existed, was what to stock them with. According to a China Daily report from January 2024, Jiuzhou responded by leaning heavily on its home catalogue. Of more than 600 mini-dramas it had made for overseas markets, about 80 percent were dubbed Chinese adaptations and 20 percent were original overseas productions. In that same report, the cost of a 70-episode series was placed at $100,000 to $150,000. Dubbing extends the life of titles that have already been paid for, so it makes clear sense for a company with a deep domestic library. Western originals are more expensive, with TheWrap reporting $150,000 to $300,000 per series shot in eight to ten days, but they reach the audience without a translation layer. Back in October 2024, TheWrap reported that about 75 percent of ReelShort’s users were women and about half were in the US; that audience, in other words, is specific. With a production team in Los Angeles, DramaBox offers titles such as Fake Dating My Rich Nemesis in its catalogue. The originals market has also pulled in companies without Chinese roots, most notably Holywater, whose My Drama app secured an equity investment from Fox Entertainment in October 2025 along with a Fox commitment to produce more than 200 vertical titles over two years.
2025 and 2026: What Market Trackers Report
By 2025 the overseas business was being tracked by several research firms, and their figures vary in useful ways. In the first quarter of 2025, worldwide in-app revenue for short-drama apps came to about $700 million, according to Sensor Tower, with the United States supplying 49 percent, or roughly $350 million. Sensor Tower’s data puts full-year in-app revenue at about $2.8 billion to $3 billion, up roughly 115 percent, though different reports of the same dataset quote slightly different totals. A broader view comes from Omdia, which puts total microdrama revenue at $11 billion in 2025, including $3 billion earned outside China, and projects $14 billion by the end of 2026. For 2026, Omdia also projects the US to reach $1.5 billion, half of all revenue outside China. In estimates reported in August 2026, Media Partners Asia pegged revenue outside China at $2.7 billion for 2025, $3.6 billion for 2026 and $9.5 billion by 2031. ReelShort’s revenue stands at $785 million in 2025 by MPA’s estimate, and MPA projects $1.05 billion in 2026, with about $40 million in net profit. The most telling figures for this timeline are its market-share estimates: ReelShort with about 29 percent outside China, followed by DramaBox at 21 percent, DramaWave at 13 percent and GoodShort at 6 percent, for a combined share of roughly 69 percent for four apps with Chinese links.
Reading the Timeline Into the Future

Line up the milestones end to end and a few patterns become clear. First, the overseas business still looks small beside its origin: Omdia’s figures imply that most microdrama revenue in 2025 was earned inside China. The second is a likely slowing of growth, with Sensor Tower placing the first quarter of 2026 at about $750 million, up 20 percent year on year, after triple-digit growth across 2025. DramaBox and ReelShort each took in about $140 million in that quarter, so competition at the top has grown closer as well. Monetization has taken on a familiar shape. As of September 2026, a weekly VIP pass costs about $19.99 in the US App Store for apps including ReelShort, ShortMax, DramaWave, GoodShort and My Drama, though prices vary by platform, country and promotion. Production is the area most likely to change next, because DramaWave, whose annualized revenue topped $700 million by the second quarter of 2026, reportedly generates more than 80 percent of its new releases with AI. A story sold a minute at a time, the product duanju producers built at home, remains the product whether dubbed imports, Western originals or AI output win the next phase.
